SIDENOTE: On November 22nd I talked about how the third nominee to head Iran’s Oil Ministry was in danger of being rejected; on November 23rd it happened. And three days ago I was writing about the growing threat of terrorism in Bangladesh; today, the deadliest attack in Bangladesh yet killed at least 13 people, including two lawyers and two policemen, and injured 78 in two suicide bombings. So no more current events for November, time for some history.

The Kalmyks are a Mongol-Tatar people living in Russia north of the Caucasus and the only indigenous Buddhist peoples of Europe. The story behind the elimination of this people is one of the forgotten tragedies of the 20th century.

The Kalmyk region was absorbed by Russia in the 16th century, and the region enjoyed a high degree of autonomy until 1771, when Catherine the Great abolished their self-government. Autonomy was reestablished under the Soviets in 1920 when Kalmykia was made an autonomous republic.

Forced collectivization was a disaster across the Soviet Union, but especially bad in the Ukraine and Kalmykia. During World War II there were murmors of rebellion in Kalmykia. Stalin, fearful of a crippling two front war, revoked the region’s republican status in 1943 and shortly thereafter deported the entire population without notice to Siberia. In cattle trucks. In the middle of winter.

Half of the population perished during the journey and in the following twelve years of exile. The language and culture suffered irreversible decline as the people were dispersed across the frigid north. Khrushchev allowed them to return in 1957, and those who decided to do so found their homes and land occupied by imported Russians and Ukrainians who had made the region their home in the interim. The original inhabitants had no recourse to reclaim their houses and few managed to establish a stable livelihood.

Over the next decades, desertification destroyed the agricultural base of the region and economically unviable industrial plants closed. After the collapse of the Soviet regime, Kalmykia became an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation, a destroyed region with no economy and a tragic history remembered by few.


COMMENTS / 36 COMMENTS

What do you mean, “remembered by few”? Just look at this.

Gaijin Biker added these pithy words on 30 Nov 05 at 4:10 pm

Our debate this week is about whether the Peruvian Congress should change it’s decree and allow Fujimori to run. I’d love to hear your comments.

Taylor

http://ourlatinamerica.blogspot.com
(The Latin Americanist)

Taylor Kirk added these pithy words on 30 Nov 05 at 6:17 pm

Just to be difficult, do you term the other Soviet deportations genocide?

I think from a legal perspective, they certainly are, but then again, many things that most wouldn’t call genocide look to fall under the legal definition.

Nathan added these pithy words on 30 Nov 05 at 9:55 pm

Since genocide, as a legal matter, requires intent to eliminate, I’m not sure it is fulfilled here. It doesn’t require, as I understand it, an attempt like the Holocaust to eliminate entirely, if there is an attempt to eliminate a significant portion of a genetic group. If some paranoid ruler just wanted to remove a threat without a desire to eliminate the people, it would be closer to the legal mental state of recklessness, intent as to the ancillary action but no intent as to the specific crime.

More importantly, this is a horrible thing to happen to a people. I had never heard of the Kalmyks. Good post.

Kirk H. Sowell added these pithy words on 30 Nov 05 at 11:59 pm

Saying that shipping a whole people into the middle of Siberia in the winter isn’t “intent to eliminate” is like saying that moving a guy’s office down to the boiler room and giving him no work to do is not the same as firing him.

Gaijin Biker added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 12:29 am

It’s an intent to eliminate in whole or part. Here’s the relevant part of the convention:

In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:

(a) Killing members of the group;

(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;

(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;

(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;

(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Not to say that the above aren’t bad or shouldn’t be punished, but I wouldn’t define all of them as genocide.

That’s neither here nor there though. It’s what the convention says, and I think that all of the Soviet deportations violated a-c. Especially when it comes to the Chechen-Ingush, part of the reason for the deportation was to disconnect them from the land so central to their way of life—a way of life that was seen as a threat to Soviet power.

And one can argue about whether or not there was intent for a large chunk of each group to die during transit, but there certainly was intent to kill when it came to resistance or those who managed to stay behind.

Because there clearly was intent to eliminate the deported nations without eliminating the people that constituted them (by forcing on them a Soviet as opposed to Meskhetian, Kalmyk, Chechen, Crimean Tatar, etc. identity), I think there’s a clear violation of part b.

Still, I wouldn’t call any of these genocide, but some different kind of crime altogether. I’m just trying to get at why Curzon’s calling what happened to Kalmyks genocide and whether or not he’d say the same about the other deportations. And I might as well come out with why I’m curious. He uses the word genocide here, but thinks the Armenian genocide wasn’t one “per se.”

Nathan added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 12:29 am

Ahhh the joys of totalitarian governments, let us all join hands and support our immortal leaders Kim Jong Il and Castro, just like the rest of the world excluding the US and some crackpot former Russian or formerly conquered by Russian states.

Pavlov3 added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 12:47 am

Why do communist atrocities garner so little attention from academia, despite typically being a lot worse than fascist or American ones?

Kenneth added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 2:47 am

Kenneth, can you support that statement with objective information? The Dalai Lama has done a superb job of bringing Western attention to the plight of Tibet, and China in general gets a lot of criticism from the left and the right.

Sonagi added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 3:40 am

Nathan: I think the discussion here doesn’t clarify between genocidal methods and genocidal intent. How’s this chart?

Transporting half the population to Siberia in winter and making conditions so harsh that half the population perishes, followed by returning them to a land where they can find no livelihood, is certainly genocidal methods. But Stalin probably didn’t have the same conscious desire of eliminating the culture of the Kamlyks—he probably didn’t give a damn. Hitler had genocidal intent and practiced genocidal methods towards the Jews. The CCP believes non-Han culture is undermining to its national stability and is trying to elminate the Uyghur and Tibetan culture, but its methods push assimilation and it has never practiced genocidal methods.

Kenneth: Alas, all the genocides and exterminations of the 20th century were the doing of communism. Even Hitler, who is described by many academics as “right-wing,” was running a “National Socialist” regime. An alarming number of academics still get teary eyed when they think of how wonderful communism could have been and find it hard to critique its failings.

Sonagli: I don’t think Ken is referring to Tibet, which is peanuts in the grand overview of the CCP’s half century in power. Try tens of millions dead in the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution for starters.

Curzon added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 3:54 am

So, to follow Nathan’s line of curiosity, where would you place the Armenians on your chart?

Younghusband added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 4:19 am

I second YH.

I think genocide is only a useful term when it describes an acted-upon intention to eliminate ethnic, religious, or national groups in whole or part. If the Kalmyk or other Soviet deportations are genocidal because of the method, then we’ve got some history to reconsider. I think a case could be made for the post-war expulsion of Sudeten Germans and Germans from newly-acquired Polish territory having been genocidal in method. Same goes for just about every expulsion in the former Yugoslavia. And I would think that the massacres of Armenians clearly would fit under genocidal method too.

And though I’m less sure about the Kalmyks than I am about the Crimean Tatars, Chechens, and Ingush, Stalin cared immensely about eliminating the cultures of expelled populations. They were a challenge to efforts to instill in Soviet citizens a new Soviet (*cough*Russian*cough*) identity and patriotism.

On a different note, an interesting tidbit about the Kalmyks originally hail from Chinese Turkestan. Kalmyks are those who remained (their name means “remnant,” I read somewhere) after those east of the Volga returned to China.

Nathan added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 5:22 am

That’s the subject of a whole other post. Which I will get to, one day.

Curzon added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 5:28 am

genocide intent? you are playing minority report as well?

shouldn’t it be japan out there?

sun bin added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 6:27 am

China would make the list well before them, sun bin.

Nathan added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 6:37 am

55 years past under CCP controlled.
many Han chinese died, directly or indirectly due to CCP.

resistance in tibet and xinjiang were jailed. but only a few executed (in recent years only the convicted terrorists were executed. Reber was allowed to leave the country).

there is discriminance, or even persecution in some cases. but this does not qualify as genocide, nor even any intention of genocide.

speaking about the ranking list of infamy, i just finished some calculation
you are welcome to supply more data.

sun bin added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 7:10 am

Are democracy activists a race? Anyone seen the front page article in the Wall Street Journal (subscription required) on how Michail Khodorkovsky is doing in Siberia?

This really isn’t that related to Curzon’s post, but I thought that the timing was poignant. A brief excerpt:

KRASNOKAMENSK, Russia—Near a cluster of tatty gray prison barracks on the Siberian steppe, oil tycoon Mikhail Khodorkovsky got his first job since police arrested him aboard his privately chartered jet two years ago: He helped mend his penal colony’s barbed-wire fences.

Mr. Khodorkovsky, once among Russia’s richest men, will have a shot at other jobs in the years ahead. He may sew bed sheets, underwear and work clothes in the prison textile shop. Or scrub dormitory floors.

If anyone thought that Martha Stewart had it rough at her West Virginia confines, Russia’s fallen corporate idols have it worse. Prison life has become easier since the days of the Soviet Union, when millions toiled and often died in the now-defunct gulags of the far north and east. But the new abode of Mr. Khodorkovsky, founder of the Yukos oil company, is a reminder that no Russian prison is Camp Cupcake.

Wake-up at Correctional Facility #10 is at 6 a.m. Breakfast is porridge and tea, inmates say, while lunch is porridge and water and a typical dinner is macaroni with soybeans. Temperatures drop to around minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit in winter….

Kirk H. Sowell added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 8:49 am

Well, sun bin, I’d point out that, since I assume you’re talking about Japan in WWII, a great many Chinese died in the prosecution of the war, but the intent to eliminate isn’t so clear.

And I guess we’ll have to agree to disagree on Tibet and East Turkestan.

Nathan added these pithy words on 01 Dec 05 at 9:11 am

Sonagi: Kenneth, can you support that statement with objective information? The Dalai Lama has done a superb job of bringing Western attention to the plight of Tibet, and China in general gets a lot of criticism from the left and the right.

The double standard surrounding support for communism, among other things. Despite the fact that communism has been responsible for far more death and destruction than fascism or western imperialism, it is still considered a respectable position. The phenomenon has been documented in In Denial: Historians, Espionage, and Communism .

Kenneth added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 12:47 am

my point is not that there is such intent for japan in WWII. i just questioned why one which smaller # and % of murder was put on curzon’s chart rather than many who commit worse crimes.

the unquantifiable and unqualifiable notion of “intent” itself is quite silly. how do you prove intent?

sun bin added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 2:48 am

Intent is a vital legal principle. To use a mundane exampe, if I accidentally hit someone with my car and kill them, that is quite from me trying to run them over. See the wikipedia article on intent.

Curzon added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 3:01 am

The book link was written by two staunch anti-communists, one of whom shows sympathy for McCarthy’s Red scare witchhunts.

I still challenge you to prove that communism is respected in university circles. None of my profs in university uttered any words of praise for communism or communist regimes, including two economics professors. Sure, there are some looney leftists just as there are some looney rightists like the McCarthy fan who wrote that book.

Sonagi added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 3:08 am

The book link was written by two staunch anti-communists, one of whom shows sympathy for McCarthy’s Red scare witchhunts.

Bahahaha. “Red scare”? Sorry buddy, but Ethel and Julius Rosenberg really were spies, and the red menace was real.

I still challenge you to prove that communism is respected in university circles. None of my profs in university uttered any words of praise for communism or communist regimes, including two economics professors. Sure, there are some looney leftists just as there are some looney rightists like the McCarthy fan who wrote that book.

FIne. I’ll quote one of the reviews:

Von Laue defends Lenin, Stalin and the totalitarian murder machine they created: “How then are we to judge Stalin? Viewed in the full historical context Stalin appears as one of the most impressive figures of the twentieth century.” “Regard for individual life was a necessary sacrifice in Lenin’s ambition to enhance life in the future.” “The specific design of Soviet totalitarianism has perhaps not been sufficiently appreciated. However brutal, it was a remarkable human achievement despite its flaws.” (pg 24-26) This apologist for mass murder is a “professor” and one of the authors of a much used history book.

Kolko, another revisionist whose books were widely assigned as college texts, justifies the cold and calculated murder of 21,857 Polish reserve officers and intellectuals stating “Whoever destroyed the officers at Katyn had taken a step toward implementing a social revolution in Poland.” He also states that “Katyn was the exception” in Soviet behavior and “its relative importance….must be downgraded very considerably.” (pg 21) Exception? Apparently Mr. Kolko has conveniently forgotten about the hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens deported to the gulag during the Nazi-Soviet pact and the 110,000 ethnic Poles residing in the USSR who were executed during the Great Terror.

Thurston, a professor at Miami University of Ohio, claims that Stalin “was not guilty of mass first degree murder from 1934-1941 and did not plan or carry out a systematic campaign to crush the nation.” (pg 24) The aforementioned Katyn massacre (1940) is a perfect example of mass first-degree murder. The order to execute the Poles came from the Politburo of the Soviet Communist Party and was signed by Stalin himself. Historians have also found orders from Stalin approving the murder of old Bolshevik comrades and setting execution quotas for the secret police.

Furr, an English professor at Montclair State University, praised the blood-drenched Communist revolutions in Russia and China: “The greatest historical events in the twentieth century – in fact, in all of human history – have been the overthrow of capitalism and establishment of societies run by and for the working class in the two great communist revolutions in Russia and China.” (pg 27) Anyone who has read about Lenin’s “Red Terror” and Mao’s “campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries” knows these weren’t “great historical events,” but bloodbaths of horror.

Additionally, many of the cultural elite praised Stalin’s regime: prominent literary figures like H.G. Wells and Bertolcht Brecht, among others. I don’t see them getting castigated nowadays.

Kenneth added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 4:14 am

curzon,

then prove it, as if you were the prosecutor.

sun bin added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 7:35 am

“None of my profs in university uttered any words of praise for communism or communist regimes, including two economics professors.”

I sure hope the economics professors would not praise communism. If there’s anybody in universities who is very rarely a communist, it is economics profs, as they see how utterly ridiculous the system was economically (and otherwise).

At the same time, Sonagi, I do have to agree with you that I don’t really remember hearing any professor (I do remember some students being anti-Reagan) say anything political at all in any of my classes (though at the time I was somewhat left-leaning, being a student in the arts, so probably would have agreed and then quickly forgot about it). I would be more sensitive to political comments nowadays, as I think most people are now.

snow added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 8:15 am

“resistance in tibet and xinjiang were jailed. but only a few executed (in recent years only the convicted terrorists were executed. Reber was allowed to leave the country).”

But,
they are forced to marry to Chinese people.
If they divorce they are arrested.
They are forced to work in mines and desert.
Nuclear tests are being held in the area they live and work.
They cannot have more than one children.
If they have then they are arrested.
Veteran soldiers are located in the areas in order to be used as paramiliter.
And only 560 thousand Uyghurs have been arrested with charges in separatist activities in Eastern Turkistan in the last 3 years.

pls check: http://www.uygur.org/english.htm

TAMERLANE added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 2:43 pm

Sonali—Econ is one of several fields where leftists are few and far between. Try taking International Relations, Poli Sci, Sociology, History, or lots of other areas and apologists for Marxism are everywhere. My only conservative professors in undergrad were econ; which is why in my last year I took lots of econ classes, despite the fact that it wasn’t my major.

To relate my own experiences: I had Professor for “International Relations Theory” (from Pakistan) said the only reason the Soviet Union did these awful things was because the capitalist countries attacked it; my professor for “Ideologies of the Right” said that Communist slaughterfests occured when “Rightist” elements took over and corrupted the true Communist ethic; In Japan, I had one ethnic Korean professor born and educated in Japan who spent one year in Korea as an exchange student and got involved in the democracy movement; he was torturted and mutilated. He came back to Japan and got his PhD and taught “International Human Rights Law.” When I took this class he spent most of the course talking about the evils of America, how the division of Korea was all their fault, and how the criticism of about starvation and the personality cult in North Korea was all lies. At very best, most of my professors were moderate liberals.

Curzon added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 4:47 pm

Everyone’s experiences are different, aren’t they, and our experiences really color our perceptions. I went to university back in the Reagan 80’s, when conservatism arose out of the ashes of the 70s. I had a number of foreign profs, including an International Law prof who was a refugee from the Hungarian uprising. He had a lot to say about Communism and the Soviet Union. This old Prussian crank who taught modern German history was no fan of Stalin, either.

As I stated on another thread, there are looney leftists and looney rightists; it’s hard to generalize or prove words like “most” or “many.” It is true that college profs voted for Kerry over Bush in huge numbers in 2004. I went to a large state university, and most of my profs did not display any obvious political bias in the classroom.

Sonagi added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 6:34 pm

I spent two years at a large state university in the US and two years at a large private university in Japan. The vast majority of my professors were liberals; there was a survey in 2000 of our profs at the poli sci department: the tally was 24 Gore voters, 1 Bush voter, 4 Nader voters and 1 for Libertarian Browne. (Japan was still liberal but more varied: there were lots of Communists, but a few right-wingers too.) US law school was much the same, although in this regard it really depends on the school.

Curzon added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 6:41 pm

I voted for Gore in 2000 and Kerry in 2004 (no surprise). Do not lump all those 24 Gore voters with nuts like the Pakistani and the angry Korean-Japanese. Liberal does not equal communist.

Sonagi added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 7:10 pm

True.

Curzon added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 7:12 pm

TAMERLANE,

1. the accusations are not verified. thought they might well be true, but they certainly are not systematic or generic cases

2. even if it is, is this the definition of genocide? or intent to genocide? perhaps our resident lawyer curzon is most qualified to answer.
—-
some of what you said are clearly wrong
a) they are forced to marry to Chinese people. If they divorce they are arrested.—??? forced marriage? genocide?? this would be published in front page of NYT
b) They are forced to work in mines and desert….forced? or they had to because of economic pressure? you can blame the govt for the economic pressure though
c) Nuclear tests are being held in the area they live and work.—learn some geography, Lop Nor is about 1000km away from any where there is human being.
however, there is leak and unintentional damage, to both Han and Uighur people.
d) They cannot have more than one children. If they have then they are arrested.—this is outright lies and ignorance, one-child policy does not apply to minorites. read NYT and Spiegel.
e) “560 thousand Uyghurs have been arrested” with charges in separatist activities in Eastern Turkistan in the last 3 years.—-
you better do a small sampling. this means one in every 15 people (7%) of the 8.5M people.

curzon, are you going to police the spreading of dis-information? or only selectively :)

sun bin added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 10:25 pm

The CCP has never deliberately tried to wipe out an entire people. To the contrary, official Chinese doctrine communicated in the media, in textbooks, and in cultural activities celebrates the cultures of China’s 56 official nationalities as an integral part of the national identity. They are, of course, actively Sinocizing the misnamed “autonomous regions” by luring Han Chinese settlers with jobs and subsidized housing and by locking up, torturing, and killing dissidents.

Another clever method of Sinocizing the minorities is educating students far away from their homeland. Across from my apartment in the eastern coastal city of Qingdao was a technical college with a large Uyghur population and a fair number of Tibetans. On national holidays and other special occasions, the minority groups would all put on ethnic costumes provided by the university and do a song and dance in front of the camera. I nearly shed tears as I listened to two Tibetan girls on TV sing in Chinese, “Han Chinese and Tibetans have the same mother, and their mother is China.” Who knows, maybe their patriotism touched the hearts of some handsome local Han Chinese men.

Sonagi added these pithy words on 02 Dec 05 at 11:40 pm

“The CCP has never deliberately tried to wipe out an entire people.”

Well, that’s a relief. only 50-70 million dead. Just imagine if they’d intended to do it.

snow added these pithy words on 03 Dec 05 at 5:24 am

You are right when saying that “Lop Nor is about 1000km away from any where there is human being” unless we consider the people living in Turpan,Urumqi.And i donot need to mention Qinggir which is 125 km away from Lop Nor and other villages.Thos who lives there must already have been change to a creature other than an human being.

Resistance in tibet and xinjiang were jailed. but only a few executed (in recent years only the convicted terrorists were executed.And after all,the percentage of the Uyghur people in East Turkistan (Uyghur region ) decreased to 47 % from 90 % since 1955.By this process namely “adding sand” they will be cleaned and there will be no problem of Uyghurs any more.

By the way thanks to China as SNOW also mentiones.

TAMERLANE added these pithy words on 05 Dec 05 at 12:15 pm

TAMERLANE

don’t distribute dis-information, please.
1. those live near lop nor were relocated. but as i said before, some who do not live too close were affected by radiation, but mostly han engineers and workers
2. where did you get 90% #?
there is no doubt dilution by immigration.
but that is not what genocide mean. check your dictionary.

btw, there are also migration of uighur to han areas, including beijing. have you ever tried the barbecued lamb in the streets of beijing?

sun bin added these pithy words on 05 Dec 05 at 11:32 pm
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The Forgotten Genocide

Posted on 30 Nov 05 by Curzon. Subscribe to follow comments on this post. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.

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