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Curzon
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Curzon

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April 30th, 2005

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Bloggers on Kaplan’s Latest

Little of what Kaplan writes elicites a moderate response. Most people say the man is a dangerous nutcase or a geopolitical genius. The same is true in his latest piece How We Would Fight China and its reaction in the blogosphere.

Those Against:

Thinking contrarian Praktike says Kaplan is afraid and has a brief critique of the article:

But the main question begged by and not answered in the piece is: Why We Would Fight China, a question that is above PACOM’s collective paygrade and therefore not asked by Kaplan. I have to say that it would be deeply unfortunate and downright foolish if America and China backed themselves both into a “second Cold War,” as Kaplan puts it. It could only be the result of a mutual miscalculation.

This was picked up in quite a few other left-leaning blogs. Mr. Bradford Plumer echoes the LAT party line here, and says “Kaplan’s main problem seems to be that he thinks all our relationships with other countries need to be zero-sum” (which is wrong, Kaplan does not think like that). And Mr. Brad Delong has some diamond-in-the-eye optimism about our future relationship with China were it not for people like Kaplan:

U.S. policy ought to be about finding ways to create a win-win situation in Asia rather than on blundering into a pointless new Cold War that can only make everyone poorer and stupider. We shouldn’t be afraid of China, but rather we should be afraid that U.S. China policy will be determined by people who think in zero-sum terms. People like Robert Kaplan.

Only the result of a mutual miscalculation? Si vis pacem, my friends, si vis pacem. . .

Professor Vikash Yadav says we misunderstand China’s goals: “Kaplan is making an assumption that China harbors a deep desire for hegemonic dominance. This is incorrect strategic analysis.” He also defines China’s strategic goals as such:

China is not seeking a military confrontation with the US. China has four objectives 1) National integrity; 2) Reunification with Taiwan; 3) Economic growth and development; 4) Minimal credible nuclear deterrence. The last point is very important. If the Chinese were seeking to oust the US from the Pacific, we would expect to see a rapid nuclear arms build up accompanying its general growth in naval power.

I respectfully disagree Even North Korea has enough nukes to deter us. And I don’t think there’s such a logical relationship to be found ala nuke buildup = desire to challenge US power. . . see Mr. Sheridan’s blog post below.

Those For:

The Beijing-based blogger at Billsdue posts the article in full here, and sums up his thoughts with this:

Let’s hope that nothing bad comes to pass, but the US needs to be realistic and prepare for the worst.

Daniel Starr gives a quick positive mention before doing the same here. Peking Duck also has some kind words about the article here, but “realized we’d all better pray nothing like this ever happens.” Journalist and blogger Gavin Sheridan, without mentioning the article per se, recommends Mr. Kaplan’s view on China here.

And for those of you who still haven’t read it, How We Would Fight Chinamany bloggers have posted the unabridged article: here at Dao Duck Tsu, and even New York Times Shanghai based journalist Howard French’s blog here. I would again encourage everyone to subscribe to the Atlantic Monthly and get unfettered access to all of their archives—buy a subscription and you can read everything Kaplan’s written at the Atlantic back to 1989!

And for the gazillionth time, Kaplan is no neocon! If you want to hear it from the horse’s mouth, listen to the second mp3 available here.

INTERVIEWER: Do you have a relationship at all with Richard Pearle or…

KAPLAN: I’ve never met him or William Kristol, no, never, and I think a number of them are quite uncomfortable with my views because I’m not a proponent of democratic revolution. . . I don’t subscribe to this notion that all we’ve had is bad Arab dictators. . .

Comments to this entry

Vikash
April 30, 2005
11:20 pm
Dear Curzon,

Thanks for moderating an interesting debate.

Before I get to the main point, it should be noted that North Korea does not have the ability to deter the United States directly because it lacks a credible long range delivery system (recent alarmist press releases by the Pentagon aside). However, North Korea does have the ability to deliver a nuclear device onto South Korean or Japanese soil either through missile technology or via fighter jet. This is why the US is effectively deterred. Minor point... I know.

Your more substantive point has to do with whether or not China would pursue a nuclear arms buildup prior to challenging US dominance. Security studies is completely outside of my expertise, but let me try to push you on this just a bit. I think China would have to go beyond its current level of armaments before pursuing a grand strategy of displacing US global or even regional dominance. Here is why...

First, although it is unthinkable today that the US would threaten a non-nuclear power with a military attack (actually Eisenhower did threaten the PRC during the Cold War), the rules of the game are completely different for a conflict between the world's first and (distant) third greatest nuclear powers.

Second, the Chinese military should have no reason to doubt that the US would use nuclear weapons if it were necessary in a full scale military conflict. The US has used nuclear weapons twice in Japan, and if push came to shove it might do so again. For example, if an aircraft carrier and a battleship were sunk in a naval engagement, you can bet your bottom dollar that nukes would be armed and fired if there were a very high probability of wiping out China's entire nuclear arsenal.

Third, given this strategic calculation, a military that seeks to challenge US dominance (as opposed to merely preserving its territorial integrity) would need to expand its nuclear arsenal so as to negate this option in favor of conventional forces. Only by diminishing the probability of a nuclear exchange would a military attempt to push for unseating US dominance globall or regionally.

Now for the evidence that China is not increasing its nuclear stockpile, I am relying on the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists' Report 2003 which says, "The fact is that China's stockpile plateaued at approximately 400 warheads in the early 1980s. These errors should be remembered when considering the latest predictions. Although it is possible that the number of warheads targeted primarily against the United States could increase "several-fold" between now and 2015, the overall size of the total Chinese stockpile will probably remain about where it is today."

I look forward to your comments.

Best, Vikash
Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace
April 30, 2005
11:30 pm
Kaplan is certainly a provocative writer, and he makes some excellent points:

"China is focusing on missiles and submarines as a way to humiliate us in specific encounters. Their long-range-missile program should deeply concern U.S. policymakers."

"Because the world media tend to side with a spoiler rather than with a reigning superpower, the Chinese would have a built-in political advantage."

"Never provide your adversary with only a few problems to solve (finding and hitting a carrier, for example), because if you do, he'll solve them."
-------

And finally:
"Let me be even clearer about something that policymakers and experts often don't want to be clear about. NATO and an autonomous European defense force cannot both prosper. Only one can"”?and we should want it to be the former, so that Europe is a military asset for us, not a liability, as we confront China."

No surprise that it is France that is keenest on an autonomous European defense force!!
Vikash
April 30, 2005
11:35 pm
Oops, I screwed up the cut and paste of the Bulleting of Atomic Scientists' Report 2003. The full quote is here:

"The Pentagon and the U.S. intelligence community have repeatedly stated that they expect China's nuclear arsenal to increase significantly over the next decade or so. The CIA predicted in December 2001 that by 2015 "the total number of Chinese strategic warheads will rise several-fold" to 75--100 warheads deployed primarily against the United States. [17] The Pentagon recently predicted that the number of Chinese ICBMs capable of hitting the United States "could increase to around 30 by 2005 and may reach up to 60 by 2010." [18]

Past predictions about China's nuclear arsenal have proven highly inaccurate and exaggerated. For example, in the 1960s, U.S. Pacific Command estimated that China could have 435 nuclear weapons by 1973--that's three times as many as China actually had. In 1984, the DIA set "the best estimate" for the projected number of Chinese nuclear warheads at 592 in 1989 and 818 in 1994--approximately 50 and 100 percent above actual force levels for those years. [19]

The fact is that China's stockpile plateaued at approximately 400 warheads in the early 1980s.

These errors should be remembered when considering the latest predictions. Although it is possible that the number of warheads targeted primarily against the United States could increase "several-fold" between now and 2015, the overall size of the total Chinese stockpile will probably remain about where it is today. "

Best, VY
Grendel
May 1, 2005
9:09 am
_First, although it is unthinkable today that the US would threaten a non-nuclear power with a military attack (actually Eisenhower did threaten the PRC during the Cold War), the rules of the game are completely different for a conflict between the world's first and (distant) third greatest nuclear powers._

You're talking about a U.S. threat of an *nuclear* attack against a non-nuclear power? The US already explores developing low-yield nuclear weapons, having those in the stockpile, I'm sure those will be used against non-nuclear powers if neccessary, providing that the political drawback on the international stage is compensatable.

_...if an aircraft carrier and a battleship were sunk in a naval engagement, you can bet your bottom dollar that nukes would be armed and fired if there were a very high probability of wiping out China's entire nuclear arsenal._

No country in the world keeps its weapons in a way that they can be destroyed by a (single or multiple) attack? The basic idea of mutual nuclear deterrence is that an all out attack would not destroy the enemy, but yourself as well. To counter the thought of the neccessity of a future attack, interdepency should be counted as well. If economic ties strenghen enough, both sides will have to loose too much if it comes to war. The last cold war was between blocks without economic interweavement as we have it nowadays - and this tendency is increasing, not diminishing. The US are already one of the most important "markets":http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/30/content_438824.htm for the Chinese and vice versa. _Democracies don't fight_ (except over fish ;-) ), this might be true for developed countries as well. The more you have to loose of what you already have, the less bellicose you'll be.

_No surprise that it is France that is keenest on an autonomous European defense force!!_

France does everything to avoid a situation of dependence in regard to the US. They look at Japan and don't like what they see.

_The Pentagon and the U.S. intelligence community have repeatedly stated that they expect China's nuclear arsenal to increase significantly over the next decade or so_

The Pentagon needs money for its programs, no news here. The intelligence community was even wrong in the case of Iraq, I wouldn't bet on any estimation right now...
Dave
May 1, 2005
4:59 pm
One thing that bothers me is the criticism that "Kaplan's main problem seems to be that he thinks all our relationships with other countries need to be zero-sum"Â?. The article is about the military, and the military has to prepare for zero-sum scenarios. Foreign policy would involve seeing the military zero-sum attitude in the proper perspective alongside non-zero-sum interaction like economic trade. He asked a soldier for a perspective, that's what he got.
IJ
May 1, 2005
8:37 pm
The interview in April with Robert Kaplan was highly informative. http://www.booktv.org/feature/index.asp?segID=5376&schedID=339

Mr Kaplan thought that NATO might best develop through having a navy of its own. But convincing Canada and Europe there is enough of a security threat to warrant this will be difficult; at present, as he said, they're free to carve out an entire different philosophy of life, of government etc. from the US. He thinks they should take a longer term view. There are already some signs of sitting on the fence in Europe: "And one of the interesting things about Europe's so-called lack of investment in its own military is that Europe is investing in naval items, in submarines, in [fighting] ships - so all the parts are in place for a new military alliance of the US and Europe of the seas."

In general, though, Canada and Europe have been cutting back on their taxpayer funded expenditure on defence. Some details are on the NATO website. http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb090804.htm

Back to Praktike's question. The US administration surely has a lot to do to convince other countries to share its security concerns.
Daehee
May 1, 2005
8:58 pm
Anyone notice that on the cover of that Atlantic issue, the (supposedly) Chinese sailor has a Korean name tag (blurred, but you can discern the lettering-style)?
Mutantfrog
May 1, 2005
9:27 pm
China has already nearly accomplished it's goal of re-acquiring all the territory controlled by the former Qing dynasy (with the exception of Taiwan), but throughout virtually their entire history the Chinese empire has considered itself the center of the world. Most readers here probably know that China's name for itself, 中唺½, means 'middle country,' but not everyone may realize quite what that means. By 'middle' they did not just mean the physical center of the known world, but also the center of all economic and diplomatic activity.

In his essay Kaplan spent an awful lot of time talking about a 'Bismarkian' system of international relations, in which each peripheral country's ties to the core were more important than their ties to each other, but he completely overlooks that this is the historical model for international relations in the Chinese sphere of influence. Imperial China's goal was to make all countries they came in contact with provide 'tribute' to them and acknowledge their superiority in a very ritualized way, even if the 'tributary' countries didn't know what the hell was going on and thought they were just trading.

If China's goal is really to bring back their historical place in Asia, it isn't just about bringing territory into the direct administrative control of their modern empire, but also about forcing all of their neighbors to consider China as their most important economic, cultural, military and diplomatic consideration- much the way the US is treated now by allies such as Japan, South Korea and many others. Of course, the two countries I just named are easily on the list of nations that China has always considered part of its sphere of influence.
Eddie Beaver
May 2, 2005
2:46 am
Has history ever had an example of a nation rapidly building up its military forces and capabilities and NOT go to war utilizing them? I cannot imagine a "peaceful" rise for China in the coming years, despite informed, intelligent opinions to the contrary. A nation ruled by leaders who are unaccountable to anyone else save their ruling clique is the type of nation that will go to war regardless of the ensuing price, for reasons of greed, arrogance and historical animosity with neighbors. Unless the political situation in China changed for the better in the coming years, I can't imagine a future without a China-America conflict of some kind.

In this case, Kaplan is quite right to note the US is preparing for this with a broad strategy of diplomacy, force projection and entrapment of Chinese military options.
Grendel
May 4, 2005
2:09 pm
_Has history ever had an example of a nation rapidly building up its military forces and capabilities and NOT go to war utilizing them?_

Cold War, USA vs. Soviet Union, nuclear weapons en masse, (fortunately) never used.

_Unless the political situation in China changed for the better in the coming years, I can't imagine a future without a China-America conflict of some kind._

I bet many Chinese think the same about the US and their political situation. ;-)
Yuu
May 4, 2005
4:56 pm
China has already nearly accomplished it's (sic) goal of re-acquiring all the territory controlled by the former Qing dynasy...

That would require annexing Mongolia and slicing off a chunk of Russia!
bill bishop
May 6, 2005
10:58 am
i think this is the best writing i have seen on china military matters in a while. the reason is that this piece takes a very balanced and non-ideological view. it portrays china as neither a benevolent emerging superpower that has been so co-opted by trade and economics that the US has nothing to worry about, or as some caricatured reincarnation of the evil empire with which war is inevitable. mr kaplan correctly points out that everything china is doing around its military buildup are perfectly rational actions for an emerging superpower, and that china has the right as a sovereign state to pursue to them. the us military has the obligation to prepare for the worst, and that is what they are doing.
Mutantfrog
May 6, 2005
4:21 pm
I think many people still worry about China's irrationality based on their completely irrational and unjustified invasions of Xinjiang and Tibet. Not to mention their continuing standoff with Taiwan.
Grablog
May 14, 2005
5:17 pm
blogworld's reaction to R.D. Kaplan's new article

Coming Anarchy posted the blogworld's reaction to Robert D. Kaplan's controversial cover story How We Would Fight China, which takes closer look to a possible cold war situation between the US and China.
ComingAnarchy.com » Blog Archive » Barnett and Kaplan and Kissinger
June 12, 2005
4:39 pm
[...] ts entirety. For background, please refer to: Kaplan on China — NEW ARTICLE Bloggers on Kaplan’s Latest Kaplan vs. Barnett Mo [...]
Ron Patterson
June 12, 2005
10:07 pm
The U.S. and China have a tremendous oppurtunity to build a relationship that can lead to a stable world situation. It is sad that many see China's rise as meaning that a confrontation is inevitable. Yes China is rapidly modernizing it's military. But it's military was in ghastly shape. It basically had a world war I conscript army and a brown water navy. Many of its ships look like coast guard rescue cutters than vessels of war. Its rush to reorganize and modernize is as much a reaction to the Japanese buildup, and a desire to protect itself as a threat to U.S. interest.
ComingAnarchy.com » Blog Archive » Pinned: America’s Taiwan Policy
November 3, 2005
4:44 pm
[...] Kaplan caused a stir in the blogosphere when he wrote about a new cold war with China; Barnett has done the same with his BookTV debate on Sunday for his comments on Taiwan (noted by Younghusband here, Joe of MF here, and also here, here, here, here, and here). [...]